Can't answer the length part, it is too random but as for what the 'standard' phases are:
Phase I: 1st human trial, normally very small. Primary purpose is to make sure it is safe, and to confirm that it appears to work the way it did in the lab.
Phase II: larger trial, used to confirm that it works as expected and the dosing. If you see IIA and IIB, A is done first to determine the optimal dosing, B is then to confirm it works. Most drugs that 'fail' do so during Phase II trails as they don't perform as hoped or side-effects are found that are unacceptable.
Phase III: large scale testing, required for FDA approval to make sure it does work as promised and that there are no unidentified side-effects. Can take quite a while as you have to prove it is safe & effective in a large population of patients.